Confined space

Worker enters a confined space (Reg 5 definition) and is overcome by oxygen deficiency, hydrogen sulphide, methane, carbon monoxide, or other contaminant. Most confined-space fatalities involve a would-be rescuer.

Controls (hierarchy of controls order)

1. Eliminate

   Residual LOW

   Re-design to avoid entry — work from outside

   Use remote tools, robotic cleaning, vacuum trucks, or build openings at design stage that eliminate the need for human entry.

   Cited: WHS Reg 67 · Confined Spaces CoP

2. Engineering controls

   Residual MEDIUM

   Continuous atmospheric monitoring

   Calibrated 4-gas monitor (O2 19.5-23.5%, LEL <5%, H2S <10 ppm, CO <30 ppm) tested pre-entry from outside the space and worn continuously by every entrant. Mechanical ventilation maintained throughout. Re-test after any interruption.

   Cited: AS 2865 s 5.3 · AS/NZS 1715

3. Administrative controls

   Residual MEDIUM

   Confined Space Entry Permit + trained entry team

   Permit issued by trained authorised person identifying the space, hazards, isolations, atmospheric test results, entry team (Permit Holder, Entry Attendant, Stand-by/Rescue), communication arrangements and rescue plan. Permit valid only for nominated shift / atmospheric conditions.

   Cited: WHS Reg 66 & 67 · AS 2865 · Confined Spaces CoP

4. Administrative controls

   Residual MEDIUM

   On-site rescue plan + retrieval line

   Documented rescue plan rehearsed before entry; non-entry rescue preferred; tripod with rated winch and retrieval line attached to entrant harness; SCBA on standby; emergency services contact pre-arranged. No untrained rescuer enters the space.

   Cited: WHS Reg 74 · AS 2865 s 11

PPE

• Confined space entry kit — Continuous-read 4-gas monitor (O2/LEL/H2S/CO), SCBA or SABA for IDLH atmospheres, rescue harness with retrieval line, two-way radio. Entry attendant equipped with kit at all times.Standard: AS 2865 / AS/NZS 1715 / AS/NZS 1716
• Industrial safety helmet — Type 1 industrial safety helmet with chin strap where required by site rules or wind exposure. Replace at expiry date or after impact.Standard: AS/NZS 1801
• Steel-cap safety boots — Type 1 safety footwear with steel toecap, slip-resistant sole, ankle support; electrical hazard rating where exposed to live electrical work.Standard: AS/NZS 2210.3
• Hi-visibility vest or shirt (day use) — Class D fluorescent hi-visibility garment for daytime use on site.Standard: AS/NZS 4602.1